What does the term "hegemony" stand for in political science?
It means that in a capitalist society a certain ruling class can adopt its sovereignty to the society by establishing alliances with other classes and carrying out political compromises and maintain its position as a director.
The impact of new discoveries in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries and the use of steam powered machines in production increased the capital accumulation in Europe.
What is this process called?
Industrial Revolution
What are the outcomes of the Seven Years’ War between 1775 and 1763 fought between England and France?
France lost most of its colonies to England. Britain has reinforced its superiority and colonial power in the seas around the world. France, which lost its economic and political power in these wars, was dragged into a financial crisis which aggravated the reactions against the feudal monarchy in France and paved the way for the great developments that resulted in the French Revolution.
How is the inter-state system led by the UK is different from the Westphalia System?
The Westphalia System is limited to Europe whereas the new inter-state system was spead to a wider area from the new nation-states emerging within traditional empires to those who emerged as a result of the independence movements supported by UK in Latin America.
What does Manchester liberalism stand for?
It is the name of the movement carried out by the supporters of the idea of free exchange and the principles of liberal economics in England in the nineteenth century.
What was the US's approach to being a colonial empire as the hegemony shifted from the UK to the US after WWII?
It was strongly opposed to the idea of a colonial empire and had the principle of self-determination of nations which had been one of the most important reasons for its hegemony.
When did the hegemony shifted from the Uk to the US?
Starting from 1870 to the end of WWII (1945) the hegemony shifted gradually from the UK to the US.
What is the "Cold War"?
The Cold War is a term used to describe the period from the post-World War II until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, which is dominated by two ideological blocks led by two superpowers (USA and USSR) in political, economic and military terms.
What is the function of NATO during the Cold War?
During the Cold War, NATO served as a joint military pact of the US-led Western bloc.
What is the European Steel and Coal Community?
It is the predecessor of the EU. The political atmosphere after the Second World War began to blow the winds of unity and solidarity in Western Europe. This has been seen by many as an escape route from the ideas of extreme nationalism, which has caused great harm to Europe. Together with these ideas, Italy, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany and Belgium first came together with the European Steel and Coal Community.
What is the function of Copenhagen Criteria?
These are the criteria the candidate countries need to fulfill to become members.
What is the main basis of the formation of the European Union?
The European Union has established a common market covering freedom of movement of people, goods, services and capital through standard laws linking all member states. The main basis in the process of formation of the European Union is a permanent peace process, the continuation of solidarity between countries, the idea of creating a common market economy and increasing the social welfare.
What are the executive and legislative institutions of European Union?
The European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament.
What are the main problems of the EU that might lead to its disintegration?
Terrorist attacks, economic crises, migration problems are some of the problems that the union faces.
Since the 2000s, there has been a period in which the political, economic and military superiority of the United States has been gradually questioned and balanced.
What is the main reason for this?
The economic development of East Asia.
What caused the economic rise of China and made it the world’s second-largest economy?
China has accelerated economic development by allowing capitalist companies to invest in foreign countries. There has been intense migration from rural to cities, from the inner region to the coasts. These people, particularly reduced costs by being converted to cheap labor for western capital. Communist administration also provided political stability in the country, in the past, under the Keynesian model has been enabled to obtain great profits to capital escaping from the opportunity provided to the working class. In 2001, after it has become a member of the World Trade Organization, not only it attracted foreign capital but also became a capital-exporting economy.
What is the Meiji Restoration?
In the second half of the 19th century, the westernization initiated by Emperor Mutsuhito is called The Meiji Restoration (1868-1912).
What are the leading countries of the East Asian economic rise?
China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan are the leading East Asian countries in terms of economic rise.
What is Euroscepticism?
European sceptism or anti-EU counterparts (Euroscepticism) is the name given to the political view of people who often criticize EU ideas and institutions or the name given to the political view of people who directly oppose EU membership. The anti-EU politicians and individuals want to slow down, stop or reverse this integration as the EU integration project weakens European nation-states.
What is Maastricht Treaty?
It is the founding treaty of the EU which was signed in Maastricht, the Netherlands on February 7, 1992 that includes issues related to internal affairs in the integration process.