1
How R&D can enhance productivity?
R&D can enhance productivity by refining the quality of the product, by decreasing the average cost of production for the existing goods, or by extending the range of intermediate inputs or final goods.
Measurement of Private and Social Returns to R&D
- 20 soru-cevap
- Economıcs of Scıence Technology and Innovatıon (ENG)
2
What are the two important measurement difficulties,Griliches (1979) examined t related to R&D capital?
The first one was related to the calculation of output that takes place when R&D is committed to nonmarket goods and improvements in quality. The second one was related to the calculation of input, namely the R&D stock
3
What is main limitation of Tobin’s q methodology?
The main limitation for this method is that it can be applied at the level of a firm.
4
In primal approach, how is tangible capital denoted?
Tangible capital is denoted by C.
5
What will primal approach provide?
That model will include the cost-saving and product-enhancing features of R&D and will provide for scale economies, imperfect competition, and markup pricing.
6
What does dual approach depend on?
This approach depends on both a technological representation and the assumption of optimizing behavior.
7
What are the concepts that Hall et al. (2010) identify as the two categories of measurement issues for the assessment of productivity and the stock of R&D knowledge?
The Measurement of Productivity and R&D Capital
8
What is the problem with measuring efficiency based on?
The issue related to the measurement of productivity rests on the concern about how to quantify output and inputs and how to detach the impact of R&D from other determinants of productivity.
9
What is an another problem related to the measurement of productivity?
Another problem related to the measurement of productivity is the inclusion of adjustments for quality in price deflators.
10
What is the assumption related to the assessment of the R&D?
The assumption related to the assessment of the R&D returns is that R&D provides returns in the future by generating a stock of knowledge at the firm level.
11
In estimation of the R&D stock, what is an important component of the perpetual inventory model.
In estimation of the R&D stock, choosing a depreciation rate is also an important component of the perpetual inventory model.
12
How can be starting benchmark stock for previous R&D expenditures calculated?
This can be calculated by the division of the earliest observation of expenditure on R&D to the summation of the depreciation rate for R&D and a measure of the growth rate of R&D.
13
What are the four criteria by which Hall et al. (2010) categorize the literature?
The first criterion is related to the model being the primal or the dual form. The second criterion is related to the level of aggregation (firm, industry, or country). The third criterion considers whether the estimates are temporal or cross-sectional. The last criterion is related to the inclusion of spillovers of R&D in the models.
14
The knowledge production function developed by Griliches (1979) has been extended to include which concept?
The knowledge production function developed by Griliches (1979) has been extended in the literature to include a stock of knowledge that is created by R&D investment within the firm’s production function as an input together with tangible capital, labor and materials.
15
What does the dual approach measure?
The dual approach measures a set of equations for factor demand obtained from the presentation of technology by a cost function.
16
What the dual approach assumes and what it uses to derive the output supply equations?
This approach supposes cost minimization or profit maximization and utilizes duality theorems to obtain equations for factor demand and output supply.
17
What are two forms of spillovers?
The first form of spillover is called rent spillovers. The rent spillovers take place when a consumer or a firm acquires R&D embodied goods or services that do not reveal their usage value. TThe second form of spillover is called knowledge spillovers. The knowledge spillovers take place when a knowledge that might be beneficial to a different firm in undertaking its internal research activity is produced.
18
What do you need to do to measure spillovers?
In order to measure the spillovers, an indicator of external R&D is added to the conventional cost or production function scheme.
19
What are the flow-related weights used in empirical studies?
The flow-associated weights that are utilized in the empirical studies are transactions of intermediate inputs, investment in capital goods, enrolling of R&D employees, patent flows, new technologies adopted, and citations of patents.
20
Whose work has the highest rate of return ratio?
Goto and Suzuki (1989) %80.